 | |
| Born | May 6, 1856 Freiberg, Moravia, Austrian Empire |
|---|---|
| Died | September 23, 1939 (aged 83) London, England |
| Residence | Austria, (later) England |
| Nationality | Austrian |
| Ethnicity | Jewish |
| Field | Neurology, Psychiatry, Psychology, Psychotherapy, Psychoanalysis |
| Institutions | University of Vienna |
| Alma mater | University of Vienna |
| Academic advisor | Jean-Martin Charcot, (later) Josef Breuer |
| Notable students | Alfred Adler, John Bowlby, Viktor Frankl, Anna Freud, Ernest Jones, Carl Jung, Melanie Klein, Jacques Lacan, Maud Mannoni, Fritz Perls, Otto Rank, Wilhelm Reich, Donald Winnicott |
| Known for | Psychoanalysis |
| Notable prizes | Goethe Prize |
Sigmund Freud (IPA: [ˈziːkmʊnt ˈfʁɔʏt]), born Sigismund Schlomo Freud (May 6, 1856 – September 23, 1939), was an Austrian neurologist and psychiatrist who co-founded the psychoanalytic school of psychology. Freud is best known for his theories of the unconscious mind, especially involving the mechanism of repression; his redefinition of sexual desire as mobile and directed towards a wide variety of objects; and his therapeutic techniques, especially his understanding of transference in the therapeutic relationship and the presumed value of dreams as sources of insight into unconscious desires.[citation needed]
He is commonly referred to as "the father of psychoanalysis" and his work has been highly influential — popularizing such notions as the unconscious, defense mechanisms, Freudian slips and dream symbolism — while also making a long-lasting impact on fields as diverse as literature, film, Marxist and feminist theories, philosophy, and psychology. However, his theories remain controversial and disputed by numerous critics, among them one who called him the "creator of a complex pseudo-science which should be recognized as one of the great follies of Western civilisation" .
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